Chapter 38 - Biological Hazards.docxVIP专享VIP免费原创优质

Chapter38-BiologicalHazardsWORKPLACEBIOHAZARDSZuheirI.FakhriTheassessmentofbiohazardsintheworkplacehasbeenconcentratedonagriculturalworkers,health-careworkersandlaboratorypersonnel,whoareatconsiderableriskofadversehealtheffects.AdetailedcompilationofbiohazardsbyDutkiewiczetal.(1988)showshowwidespreadtheriskscanbetoworkersinmanyotheroccupationsaswell(table38.1).Table38.1OccupationalsettingswithpotentialexposureofworkerstobiologicalagentsSectorExamplesAgricultureCultivatingandharvestingBreedingandtendinganimalsForestryFishingAgriculturalproductsAbattoirs,foodpackagingplantsStoragefacilities:grainsilos,tobaccoandotherprocessingProcessinganimalhairandleatherTextileplantsWoodprocessing:sawmills,papermills,corkfactoriesLaboratoryanimalcareHealthcarePatientcare:medical,dentalPharmaceuticalandherbalproductsPersonalcareHairdressing,chiropodyClinicalandresearchlaboratoriesBiotechnologyProductionfacilitiesDay-carecentresBuildingmaintenance“Sick”buildingsSewageandcompostfacilitiesIndustrialwastedisposalsystemsSource:Dutkiewiczetal.1988.Dutkiewiczetal.(1988)furthertaxonomicallyclassifiedthemicro-organismsandplants(table38.2),aswellasanimals(table38.3),whichmightpossiblypresentbiohazardsinworksettings.Table38.2Viruses,bacteria,fungiandplants:KnownbiohazardsintheworkplaceInfectionInfectionzoonosis1AllergicresponseRespirabletoxinToxinCarcinogenicVirusesxxBacteriaRickettsiaexChlamydiaexSpiralbacteriaxGram-negativebacteriaxxxx(e)2Gram-positivecoccixxSpore-formingbacillixxxNon-sporinggram-positiverodsandcoryne-bacteriaxxMycobacteriaxxActinomycetesxFungiMouldsxxx(m)3xDermatophytesxxxYeast-likegeophilicfungixxEndogenousyeastsxParasitesofwheatxMushroomsxOtherlowerplantsLichensxLiverwortsxFernsxHigherplantsPollenxVolatileoilsxxDusts-processingxxx1Infection-zoonosis:Causesinfectionorinvasionusuallycontractedfromvertebrateanimals(zoonosis).2(e)Endotoxin.3(m)Mycotoxin.Source:Dutkiewiczetal.1988.Table38.3AnimalsasasourceofoccupationalhazardsInfectionInfection1ZoonosisAllergicresponseToxinVector2InvertebratesotherthanarthropodsProtozoaxxSpongesxCoelenteratesxFlatwormsxxRoundwormsxxxBryozoaxSea-squirtsxArthropodsCrustaceansxArachnidsSpidersx(B)3Mitesxxx(B)xTicksx(B)xInsectsCockroachesxBeetlesxMothsxxFliesx(B)xBeesxx(B)VertebratesFishxx(B)AmphibiansxReptilesx(B)BirdsxMammalsx1Infection-zoonosis:Causesinfectionorinvasioncontractedfromvertebrateanimals.2Vectorofpathogenicviruses,bacteriaorparasites.3ToxicBproducestoxinorvenomtransmittedbybiteorsting.Source:Dutkiewiczetal.1988.Micro-organismsMicro-organismsarealargeanddiversegroupoforganismsthatexistassinglecellsorcellclusters(BrockandMadigan1988).Microbialcellsarethusdistinctfromthecellsofanimalsandplants,whichareunabletolivealoneinnaturebutcanexistonlyaspartsofmulticellularorganisms.Veryfewareasonthesurfaceofthisplanetdonotsupportmicrobiallife,becausemicro-organismshaveanastoundingrangeofmetabolicandenergy-yieldingabilitiesandmanycanexistunderconditionsthatarelethaltootherlifeforms.Fourbroadclassesofmicro-organismsthatcaninteractwithhumansarebacteria,fungi,virusesandprotozoa.Theyarehazardoustoworkersduetotheirwidedistributionintheworkingenvironment.Themostimportantmicro-organismsofoccupationalhazardarelistedintable38.2andtable38.3.Therearethreemajorsourcesofsuchmicrobes:1.thosearisingfrommicrobialdecompositionofvarioussubstratesassociatedwithpartic...