PortlandCementDustHazardassessmentdocumentEH75/7FOREWORDThisHazardAssessmentDocumenthasbeenpublishedbytheUKHealthandSafetyExecutive(HSE).Itisaimedatatechnicalaudienceandreportsonthescientificinformationwhichunderpinsthehazardassessmentofaspecificsubstance.InGreatBritain,substanceswhichcauseharmtohealtharesubjecttotheControlofSubstancesHazardoustoHealthRegulations(COSHH)2002(asamended).TheRegulationsrequireemployerstopreventor,ifthatisnotreasonablypracticable,adequatelycontrolemployees’exposuretohazardoussubstances.HazardAssessmentDocumentsareproducedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofHSE’sregulatorypositiononaspecifichealth-relatedissue,whichmayrelatetoanindividualhazardoussubstance,ormayinvolveconsiderationofmoregeneralissuesrelatedtochemicalsandillhealth.Thedocumentsinthisseriescoverissuesrelatingonlytotoxicologicalhazards;otherdocumentseriesaddressissueswhichinvolveconsiderationofoccupationalexposureandrisk:•ExposureAssessmentDocument–EH74series;•RiskAssessmentDocument–EH72series.ThedatainHazardAssessmentDocumentsareassessedandendorsedbytheWorkingGroupontheAssessmentofToxicChemicals(WATCH).WATCHmakesrecommendationstotheAdvisoryCommitteeonToxicSubstances(ACTS)onallaspectsofchemicalhazardandriskassessmentandriskmanagementissues,includingrecommendationsforoccupationalexposurelimits(OELs)andotheraspectsofoccupationalhealthriskmanagement,aspartofitsassessmentofthesubstanceunderdiscussion.HazardAssessmentDocumentsarepublishedaftertheirendorsementbyWATCH.3ContentsPage1.Summary62.Introduction73.TheHealthEffectsLiterature93.1Effectsofsingleexposure93.2Irritation103.3Skinsensitisation103.4Effectsofrepeatedexposuretocementdust123.4.1Recentstudiesofnon-malignantrespiratory12diseaseinworkerswithlong-termexposuretocementdust3.4.2Mortalityandcancerstudiesinvolvingworkers28withlong-termexposuretocementdust4.References46Table1Summaryofrecentstudiesofnon-malignantrespiratory51diseaseinworkerswithlong-termexposuretocementdustTable2Summaryofmortalityandcancermorbiditystudiesin52cementmanufacturingworkersormasonsTable3SummaryofGermancasecontrolstudiesforcancers53oftheoralcavity,pharynxandlarynxCIGLOSSARYATSAmericanThoracicSocietyConfidenceintervalCOPDChronicobstructivelungdiseaseFEFForcedexpiratoryflowFEV1ForcedexpiratoryvolumeinonesecondFVCForcedvitalcapacityMRCMedicalResearchCouncil(UK)MVVMaximumvoluntaryventilationOROddsratioPEFRPeakexpiratoryflowrateRRRelativeriskSDStandarddeviationofthemeanSEStandarderrorofthemeanSIRStandardisedincidenceratioSMRStandardisedmortalityratioTWATimeweightedaverageVCVitalcapacityWHOWorldHealthOrganization51.SUMMARYThishazardassessmentupdatesthehealtheffectssectionsofanearlierHSEreviewofPortlandcement(HSE1994).Thelatteristakentorepresentanaccurateassessmentoftheliteratureavailableupto1991.Thisassessmentconcentratesontheevidencefornon-malignantrespiratorydiseaseandcarcinogenicity.Theprimaryliteratureonskinsensitisationhasnotbeenreviewedbecausethepotentialforcementtocausesuchreactions,duetothepresenceofhexavalentchromium,hasbeenestablishedbyotherreviews.Toxicologicalendpointssuchasreproductivetoxicityandmutagenicityhavenotbeenconsideredbecausetherearenodata.Concerningnon-malignantrespiratorydisease,HSE(1994)notedevidencethatrepeatedexposuretoPortlandcementhasproducedchronicbronchitisandimpairedpulmonaryfunction,butfirmconclusionscouldnotbedrawnbecauseoflimita...
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