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CALCULATINGTRANSPORTACCIDENTCOSTSFINALREPORTOFTHEEXPERTADVISORSTOTHEHIGHLEVELGROUPONINFRASTRUCTURECHARGING(WORKINGGROUP3)APRIL271999ThisreportwaspreparedbyDrGunnarLindberg,VTI,Borlänge,Swedenandfinalisedinagreementwiththeotherexpertsinthegroupincluding:MrPenttiAjoManagingDirectorFinnishMotorInsurers’CentreHelsinkiMrAntónioBritodaSilvaPresidentNAT/AssociaçãoIndustrialPortuguesaPraçadasIndústrias1302LisboaMrCharlesCrawfordTechnicalServicesDirectorCEA-ChurchillInsuranceUKDr.RudolfKruppLeitenderRegierungsdirektorbast–BundesanstaltfürStraßenwesenGermanyDrGunnarLindbergVTIBorlängeSwedenMrManuelRuiOsórioNunesINSURTRAMLisboaDrJohnPeirsonUniversityofKentCanterburyUKDrGünterSchneglbergerAustrianroadhauliersassociationViennaMrWimSmoldersInternationalRoadTransportUnionBruxellesMeetingswerechairedbyDrJoséVianaBaptista,memberoftheHighLevelGroup.3TABLEOFCONTENTSEXECUTIVESUMMARY..........................................................................................................................41INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................72MARGINALEXTERNALCOSTS:DEFINITIONS,DIFFERENCES,ANDPRACTICE...............72.2THEBASICPRINCIPLE............................................................................................................................72.3TRAFFICVOLUMEANDACCIDENTS-RISKANDRISK-ELASTICITY..........................................................82.4ACCIDENT-PRONEPERSONS,FAULTANDNEGLIGENCE........................................................................142.5THEVALUATIONOFACCIDENTS...........................................................................................................152.6CONCLUSIONANDDISCUSSION............................................................................................................183INTERNALISATION:MECHANISMFORCHARGINGCOSTSTOUSER.................................233.2THEPOTENTIALOFTHEINSURANCESYSTEMTOINTERNALISEACCIDENTCOST...................................253.3CURRENTPRACTICE......................................................................................................................263.4BEHAVIOURALINCENTIVES.................................................................................................................303.5ISITPOSSIBLETOIMPROVETHEEUROPEANINSURANCESYSTEMFORFAIRERANDMOREEFFICIENTCHARGES............................................................................................................................................................323.6CONCLUSIONANDDISCUSSION............................................................................................................364CONCLUDINGOPINIONSOFTHEWORKINGGROUP...............................................................385SELECTEDREFERENCES...................................................................................................................414EXECUTIVESUMMARY1.Thereportofthehighlevelgrouponinfrastructurechargingstatedthattransportchargesarenotefficientunlesstheyreflectallthecosts,includingtheexternalcosts,oftheuseoftransport.Italsosuggestedfurtherguidancewasnecessaryonhowtoestimatethevariouselementsofmarginalcosts.Tothisend,theworkinggroupontransportaccidentcostswasestablished.Chapter2definesthecoststheworkinggroupcons...