Exponent_Report_for_NFPA_-_20111.pdfVIP专享VIP免费原创优质

Lithium-IonBatteriesHazardandUseAssessmentFinalReportPreparedby:CelinaMikolajczak,PEMichaelKahn,PhDKevinWhite,PhDRichardThomasLong,PEExponentFailureAnalysisAssociates,Inc.©July2011FireProtectionResearchFoundationFOREWORDLithiumionbatteriesareinwidespreaduseinconsumerelectronics.AselectricvehiclesentertheU.S.marketplace,thereisanexpectationofastepincreaseinthenumberandsizeofbatterypacksinstorageanduse.TheFoundation’sPropertyInsuranceResearchGroupinitiatedastudyofthehazardsassociatedwithlithiumionbatterystorage,withanaimofdevelopingfireprotectionstrategiestomitigatelossassociatedwithfireincidencewiththesebatteriesinbulkstorageanddistribution,aloneandinmanufacturedproducts.TheoverallaimistodevelopthetechnicalbasisforrequirementsinNFPAandotherstandardswhichprescribeprotectionrequirements.Thefirstphaseoftheproject,describedinthisreport,isaliteraturereviewofbatterytechnology,failuremodesandevents,usage,codesandstandards,andahazardassessmentduringthelifecycleofstorageanddistribution.Itlaysoutaresearchapproachtowardevaluatingappropriatefacilityfireprotectionstrategies.Thecontent,opinionsandconclusionscontainedinthisreportaresolelythoseoftheauthors.Lithium-IonBatteriesHazardandUseAssessmentProjectTechnicalPanelRobertGalyen,MagnaE-carNicholasMarchica,Marchica&Deppa,LLCGuyMarlair,INERISMichaelO’Brian,BrightonAreaFireAuthorityRyanPosten,PHMSA,USDepartmentofTransportationCarlRivkin,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryMontSmith,AirTransportAssociationMahmoodTabaddor,UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.KaoruWakatsuki,NationalResearchInstituteofFireandDisasterJiannYang,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyRobertZalosh,FirexploPropertyInsuranceResearchGroupSponsorsCNAInsuranceFMGlobalLibertyMutualTokioMarineManagement,Inc.TorusInsuranceTravelersInsuranceXLGroupZurichNAProjectContractorCelinaMikolajczakFailureAnalysisAssociatesLithium-IonBatteriesHazardandUseAssessmentDoc.no.1100034.000A0F00711CM01Lithium-IonBatteriesHazardandUseAssessmentPreparedforFireProtectionResearchFoundation1BatterymarchParkQuincy,MA02169-7471PreparedbyCelinaMikolajczak,PEMichaelKahn,PhDKevinWhite,PhDRichardThomasLong,PEExponentFailureAnalysisAssociates,Inc.149CommonwealthDriveMenloPark,CA94025July20111100034.000A0F00711CM01iiContentsPageListofFiguresvListofTablesviiiAcronymsandAbbreviationsixIntroduction1Chapter1:IntroductiontoLithium-IonCellsandBatteries3NegativeElectrode(Anode)11PositiveElectrode(Cathode)12Electrolyte12Separator16CurrentCollectors18CellEnclosures(CasesandPouches)20ChargeInterruptDevices24PositiveTemperatureCoefficientSwitches25BatteryPackProtectionElectronics26BatteryPackEnclosures27Chapter2:Lithium-IonTechnologyApplications29Chapter3:SummaryofApplicableCodesandStandards34HazardousMaterialTransportationCodes34ConsumerElectronicsStandards37ULStandards37IECStandards39IEEEStandards41AutomotiveApplicationStandards42FireProtectionStandards451100034.000A0F00711CM01iiiChapter4:Lithium-IonBatteryFailures46CellandBatteryFailureModes47Non-EnergeticFailures47EnergeticFailures:ThermalRunaway48RootCausesofEnergeticCellandBatteryFailures55ThermalAbuse56MechanicalAbuse57ElectricalAbuse60PoorCellElectrochemicalDesign63InternalCellFaultRelatedtoManufacturingDefects63FactorsthatInfluencetheEffectofFailure69CellChemistry69StateofCharge70HeatTransferEnvironment71Chapter5:LifeCyclesofLithium-IonCells72TransportPractice...