health-and-safety-hazards-management-in-oil-and-gas-industry-IJERTV6IS060508.pdfVIP专享VIP免费原创优质

HealthandSafetyHazardsManagementinOilandGasIndustrySundaramHaridoss,AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofPetroleumEngineeringAMETUNIVERSITY,No.135,EastCoastRoad,Kanathur,Chennai-603112Abstract-ThispaperdealswiththehazardsandsafetyissuesanditsmanagementpracticesinOilandgasindustry.InOilandgasindustry,duringthewelldrillingandotherserviceactivitiesinvolvetheuseandproductionofpotentialhazards.Oilandgaswellscanreleasehydrogensulfideandexposeworkerstohydrogen-sulfidegas.Thethreebestpracticestohelppreventinjuryanddeathare:activemonitoringforhydrogen-sulfidegas;goodplanning;andtrainingprogramsforworkers.Oilandgasworkersexposedtochemicalsproducedandusedinoilandgasindustrymaysufferoccupationaldiseasesoflungs,skinandotherorgansatlevelsrelyingontheamountandlengthofexposuretime.Thoseexposedtohazardousnoiselevelsmaysuffernoise-inducedhearingloss(NIHL).Otherhazardsincludeconfinedspacesthatmayinjuryorthreatenlifeofuntrainedworkers.Theaimofoccupationalsafetyandhealthriskmanagementistoidentifyandassesssafetyandhealthhazardsexistingattheworkplaceandtodefineappropriatecontrolandretrievalsteps.Keywords:Drilling,occupationalsafety,hazard,chemicals,workplaceINTRODUCTIONAirisamixtureofgases,butbecauseitscompositionisreasonablyconstantitisusuallyconsideredasasinglegas,whichsimplifiesthemeasurementoftoxicandflammablegasesforsafetyandhealthapplications.Flammableandtoxicgashazardsaregenerallywellunderstoodbyoperators,techniciansandsafetypersonnelintheoil,gasandpetrochemicalindustries,continuoustrainingandrefreshmentofknowledgeisessentialtoavoidpotentialincidentscausedbycomplacency.Newpersonnelareoftenassignedworkactivitiesinpotentiallyhazardousareaswithonlyverylimitedtrainingaboutgashazardsandtheuseofgasdetectionequipment.Mostorganiccompoundswillburn.Burningisasimplechemicalreactioninwhichoxygenfromtheatmospherereactsrapidlywithasubstance,producingheat.Thesimplestorganiccompoundsarehydrocarbons,whicharethemainconstituentsofcrudeoilandgas.Hydrocarbonsarecomposedofcarbonandhydrogen,thesimplesthydrocarbonbeingmethane,eachmoleculeofwhichconsistsofonecarbonatomandfourhydrogenatoms.Itisthefirstcompoundinthefamilyknownasalkanes.Thephysicalpropertiesofalkaneschangewithincreasingnumbersofcarbonatomsinthemolecule:thosewithonetofourbeinggases,thosewithfivetotenbeingvolatileliquids,thosewith11to18beingheavierfueloilsandthosewith19to40beinglubricatingoils.Longercarbonchainhydrocarbonsaretarsandwaxes.Whenhydrocarbonsburntheyreactwithoxygenfromtheatmospheretoproducecarbondioxideandwater(althoughifthecombustionisincompletebecauseofinsufficientoxygen,carbonmonoxidewillresultaswell).Morecomplexorganiccompoundscontainelementssuchasoxygen,nitrogen,sulphur,chlorine,bromineorfluorineandiftheseburn,theproductsofcombustionwillincludeothercompoundsaswell.Forexample,substancescontainingsulphursuchasoilorcoalwillresultinsulphurdioxidewhilstthosecontainingchlorinesuchasmethylchlorideorpolyvinylchloride(PVC)willresultinhydrogenchloride.Inmostindustrialenvironmentswherethereistheriskofexplosionorfirebecauseofthepresenceofflammablegasesorvapors,amixtureofcompoundsislikelytobeencountered.Intheoil,gasandpetrochemicalindustriestherawmaterialsareamixtureofhydrocarbonsandchemicals,someofwhichmaybebeingalteredbyaprocess.Forexamplecrudeoilisseparatedintomanymaterialsusingprocessesreferredtoasfractionation(orfractionaldistillation),fractions...