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AHumanFactorsRoadmapfortheManagementofMajorAccidentHazardsIntroductionThefollowingframeworkisintendedtoguidethereaderthroughapracticalapproachforlinkingmajoraccidenthazards(MAH)totheassuredperformanceofhumansengagedonsafetycriticaltasksassociatedwiththosehazards.Theframeworkispresentedasahumanfactorsjourneywithkeymilestones.ForeachofthemilestonesthereisalinktohumanfactorstopicswhichmaybeinvestigatedbySevesoinspectors.MostofthesetopicsaredescribedinmoredetailintheUKHumanFactorsInspectorsToolkit.http://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/toolkit.htm.TheFrameworkMaintenance&InspectionHumanErrorAnalysisTaskAnalysisTrainingConsolidationCompetenceAssuranceMonitor&ReviewProceduresSafetyCriticalTasksTaskAnalysisHumanErrorAnalysisPIFsEngineering/AutomationPIFsMajorAccidentHazardScenariosAssuredHumanPerformance1TheMilestonesMajorAccidentHazardScenariosWhereasitehasproducedasafetyreportthemainsitehazardsshouldhavebeenidentifiedintheirMAHscenarios.Forsiteswhichdonotproduceasafetyreportthemainsitehazardsshouldhavebeenidentifiedbyanappropriatemethodofriskassessment.InspectionTopics:Safetyreportassessment.SMS/PredictiveriskassessmentSafetyCriticalTasksThisiswherethesiteshouldidentifythosetasksassociatedwiththeirmainsitehazardswherehumansmayinitiateorfailtomitigateamajorincident.Thiswillinvolvetheidentificationofsafetycriticalrolesandresponsibilitiesforstaffatalllevelswithintheorganisation.Inspectiontopics:SMSEmergencyresponseOrganisationalchangeTaskAnalysisHavingidentifiedthesafetycriticaltasks,thesetasksneedtobeclearlydefinedandunderstood.Thisisachievedbycarryingoutasuitabletaskanalysis.Thiscouldbeassimpleasawalkthrough/talkthroughofthetaskwritingdownwhatshouldbedone,whereandwhenitshouldbedone,whoshouldbedoingit,howtodoitandwhyitisimportant(especiallyforsafety).Formorecomplextasksaformalhumanfactorstaskanalysistoolmayberequired.Inspectiontopics:IdentifyinghumanfailureHumanfactorsinaccidentinvestigationHumanErrorAnalysisOncethetaskhasbeenclearlydefined,eachstepcanbeassessedforthepotentialforhumanfailureand/ortheopportunitytorecoverfromhumanfailure.ThisisoftenachievedthroughaprocesssimilartoHAZOPbutusinghumanfactorsguidewords(seeCoreTopic3inUKHFToolkit).Inspectiontopics:IdentifyinghumanfailureHumanfactorsinaccidentinvestigation2OperationalPerformanceInfluencingFactors(PIF)Duringhumanerroranalysisitisimportanttoconsiderthosefactorswhichmakeitmoreorlesslikelythatthehuman(s)willfail.SomeexamplesofoperationalPIFsare:ErgonomicsDesigne.g.lighting,VDEworkstation.Humanmachineinterfacese.g.controlscreens,tankerloadingbay.Inspectiontopics:IdentifyinghumanfailureHumanfactorsinaccidentinvestigationAlarmhandlingManagingfatiguerisksEngineering/AutomationControlsUsingahierarchyofcontrolapproach,thefirststepindealingwithhumanfailureshouldbetoengineeroutthehumanorprovideadditionallayersofprotectionwhichdonotrelyonhumanactione.g.highleveltriponstoragetank.However,toassurethecontinuedperformanceoftheseengineeredlayersofprotectiontheyneedtoberegularlyinspectedtestedandmaintained.Inspectiontopics:AlarmhandlingInspection,TestingandMaintenanceReplacinghumanswithengineeringcontrolssuchassafetyinstrumentedsystemsdoesnotcompletelyremovethehumanfromthesafetymanagementsystem.Theactualeffectofsuchsystemsontheroleofthehumanistoshifttheemphasisforhumanfailureawayfromoperationalactivitiesandin...