ACCIDENTCAUSATIONEarlyManIndustrialRevolutionFactorymanagersreasonedthatworkerswerehurtbecause—PEOPLEPROBLEMACCIDENTNumberisUpPeopleErrorCarelessnessActofGodCostofdoingBusinessDominoTheory1932FirstScientificApproachtoAccident/Prevention-H.W.Heinrich“IndustrialAccidentPrevention”SocialEnvironmentandAncestryFaultofthePerson(Carelessness)UnsafeActorConditionAccidentInjuryMISTAKESOFPEOPLEHeinrich’sTheorems•INJURY-causedbyaccidents.•ACCIDENTS-causedbyanunsafeact–injuredpersonoranunsafecondition–workplace.•UNSAFEACTS/CONDITIONS-causedbycarelesspersonsorpoorlydesignedorimproperlymaintainedequipment.•FAULTOFPERSONS-createdbysocialenvironmentoracquiredbyancestry.•SOCIALENVIRONMENT/ANCESTRY-whereandhowapersonwasraisedandeducated.Heinrich’sTheory•CorrectiveActionSequence(Thethree“E”s)EngineeringEducationEnforcementHumanFactorsTheoryOverload•EnvironmentalFactors(noise,distractions•InternalFactors(personalproblems,emotionalstress)•SituationalFactors(unclearinstructions,risklevel)InappropriateResponse•Detectingahazardbutnotcorrectingit•Removingsafeguardsfrommachinesandequipment•IgnoringsafetyInappropriateActivities•Performingtaskswithouttherequisitetraining•MisjudgingthedegreeofriskinvolvedwithagiventaskPetersen’sAccident/IncidentTheoryOverload•Pressure•Fatigue•Motivation•Drugs•Alcohol•WorryErgonomicTraps•Incompatibleworkstation(i.e.size,force,reach,feel)•IncompatibleexpectationsDecisiontoErr•Misjudgmentoftherisk•Unconsciousdesiretoerr•LogicaldecisionbasedonthesituationSystemsFailurePolicyInspectionResponsibilityCorrectionTrainingStandardsHumanErrorAccidentInjury/DamageEpidemiologicalTheoryPredispositionCharacteristics•Susceptibilityofpeople•Perceptions•EnvironmentalfactorsSituationalCharacteristics•Riskassessmentbyindividuals•Peerpressure•Prioritiesofthesupervisor•AttitudeCancauseorpreventaccidentconditionsSystemsTheoryModelMachinePersonEnvironmentInteractionCollectinformationWeighrisksMakedecisionTasktobeperformedCombinationTheory•Forsomeaccidents,agivenmodelmaybeveryaccurate,forotherslessso•Oftenthecauseofanaccidentcannotbeadequatelyexplainedbyjustonemodel/theory•ActualcausemaycombinepartsofseveraldifferentmodelsBehavioralTheory•Oftenreferredtoasbehavior-basedsafety(BBS)•7basicprinciplesofBBS–Intervention–Identificationofinternalfactors–Motivationtobehaveinthedesiredmanner–Focusonthepositiveconsequencesofappropriatebehavior–Applicationofthescientificmethod–Integrationofinformation–PlannedinterventionsEpidemiologicalModelExampleJaneAndrewswasthenewestmemberoftheloadingunitforParcelDeliveryService(PDS).Sheandtheothermembersofherunitwereresponsibleforloading50truckseverymorning.Itwasphysicallydemandingwork,andshewasthefirstwomaneverselectedbyPDStoworkintheloadingunit.Shehadgottenthejobaspartofthecompany’supwardmobilityprogram.ShewasexcitedabouthernewpositionbecausewithinPDS,theloadingunitwasconsideredaspringboardtoadvancement.Consequently,shewasanxioustodowell.TheresponsibilityshefelttowardotherfemaleemployeesatPDSonlyservedtointensifyheranxiety.Andrewsfeltthatifshefailed,otherwomenmightnotgetachancetotryinthefuture.Beforebeginningworkintheloadingunit,employeesmustcompletetwodaysoftrainingonproperliftingtechniques.Theuseofback-supportbeltsismandatoryforallloadingdockpersonnel.Consequently,Andrewsbecameconcernedwhenthesupervisorca...
